Learn Vocabulary Through Article 18 - African Revolutions and Independence Movements | Learn English

Africa has witnessed various revolutions and independence movements at different times, ending colonial rule. For example, in Egypt in 1952, the 'Free Officers Movement' abolished the monarchy and established a republic.

In Algeria, an independence struggle began against France in 1954, which ensured liberation in 1962.

Guinea-Bissau began resistance against Portuguese rule in 1956 and achieved sovereignty in 1973. Mozambique started a similar uprising in 1964 and gained independence in 1975.

Zimbabwe achieved independence in 1980 after a long armed conflict.

In South Africa, apartheid rule ended in the 1990s, and democracy was established under Nelson Mandela's leadership.

These revolutions and struggles have played important roles in shaping Africa's political, social, and economic framework.

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Emoji	Word	Meaning	Example Sentence	Synonyms	Antonyms

#213 ⚡ ••••••	revolutions ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃənz noun ••••••	Dramatic and wide-reaching changes in political, social, or economic systems, often involving the overthrow of a government or social order. ••••••	Revolutions often lead to significant societal changes. ••••••	uprisings, overthrows, rebellions, coups ••••••	stagnation, stability, conservation, order ••••••
#214 ✊ ••••••	movements ˈmuːv.mənts noun ••••••	Organized efforts by groups of people working together to advance their shared political, social, or artistic ideas. ••••••	Freedom movements paved the way for independence. ••••••	campaigns, efforts, initiatives, crusades ••••••	inactivity, stasis, passivity, stillness ••••••
#215 🏛️ ••••••	colonial kəˈləʊ.ni.əl adjective ••••••	Relating to or characteristic of a colony or colonialism, especially involving the control of one country by another. ••••••	Colonial rule suppressed local governance. ••••••	imperial, occupying, dominating, controlling ••••••	independent, sovereign, autonomous, free ••••••
#216 👑 ••••••	monarchy ˈmɒn.ə.ki noun ••••••	A form of government with a monarch at the head, where supreme power is held by a single person such as a king or queen. ••••••	The monarchy was abolished during the revolution. ••••••	kingship, sovereignty, royal rule, crown ••••••	republic, democracy, anarchism, communism ••••••
#217 🏛️ ••••••	republic rɪˈpʌb.lɪk noun ••••••	A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, with an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch. ••••••	A republic is governed by representatives of the people. ••••••	democracy, state, commonwealth, federation ••••••	monarchy, autocracy, dictatorship, tyranny ••••••
#218 💪 ••••••	struggle ˈstrʌɡ.əl noun ••••••	A forceful or violent effort to get free of restraint or resist attack; a determined effort under difficult circumstances. ••••••	The struggle for independence united the nation. ••••••	battle, conflict, fight, effort ••••••	peace, harmony, ease, surrender ••••••
#219 🕊️ ••••••	liberation ˌlɪb.ərˈeɪ.ʃən noun ••••••	The action of setting someone free from imprisonment, slavery, or oppression; release. ••••••	Liberation movements inspired many countries. ••••••	emancipation, freedom, release, deliverance ••••••	captivity, subjugation, imprisonment, bondage ••••••
#220 🛡️ ••••••	resistance rɪˈzɪs.təns noun ••••••	The refusal to accept or comply with something; the attempt to prevent something by action or argument. ••••••	The resistance fought bravely against colonial forces. ••••••	opposition, defiance, revolt, rebellion ••••••	submission, compliance, surrender, acceptance ••••••
#221 🏆 ••••••	sovereignty ˈsɒv.rɪn.ti noun ••••••	The authority of a state to govern itself or another state; supreme power or authority. ••••••	Sovereignty is essential for a nation's identity. ••••••	autonomy, independence, self-rule, supremacy ••••••	dependence, subjugation, subordination, vassalage ••••••
#222 🔥 ••••••	uprising ˈʌp.raɪ.zɪŋ noun ••••••	An act of resistance or rebellion; a revolt against an authority or government. ••••••	The uprising marked the beginning of the revolution. ••••••	revolt, rebellion, insurrection, mutiny ••••••	obedience, peace, submission, compliance ••••••
#223 ⚔️ ••••••	armed conflict ɑːmd ˈkɒn.flɪkt noun ••••••	A contest of armed forces; warfare between opposing military forces. ••••••	Armed conflict resulted in widespread devastation. ••••••	warfare, battle, combat, hostilities ••••••	peace, negotiation, diplomacy, ceasefire ••••••
#224 🗳️ ••••••	democracy dɪˈmɒk.rə.si noun ••••••	A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. ••••••	Democracy ensures equal rights for all citizens. ••••••	republic, self-government, representative government, popular rule ••••••	autocracy, dictatorship, tyranny, authoritarianism ••••••
#225 🏗️ ••••••	established ɪˈstæb.lɪʃt adjective ••••••	Having been in existence for a long time and therefore recognized and generally accepted; set up on a firm or permanent basis. ••••••	Democracy was established under strong leadership. ••••••	founded, set up, instituted, created ••••••	abolished, destroyed, dismantled, eliminated ••••••
#226 🏗️ ••••••	framework ˈfreɪm.wɜːk noun ••••••	An essential supporting structure of a building, vehicle, or object; a basic structure underlying a system, concept, or text. ••••••	A strong framework is vital for governance. ••••••	structure, system, organization, foundation ••••••	chaos, disorganization, disorder, anarchy ••••••

Lesson 18 - African Revolutions and Independence Movements

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African Revolutions and Independence Movements

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